Biosurfactants: Nature’s Sustainable Answer to Modern Surface Chemistry what cell secretes surfactant
1. Molecular Design and Biological Origins 1.1 Architectural Diversity and Amphiphilic Style (Biosurfactants) Biosurfactants are a heterogeneous group of surface-active particles produced by microorganisms, including microorganisms, yeasts, and fungi, identified by their one-of-a-kind amphiphilic framework consisting of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. Unlike synthetic surfactants originated from petrochemicals, biosurfactants exhibit remarkable structural diversity, varying from…