1. Beginning, Make-up, and Molecular Style
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based frothing agents are obtained mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse by-products such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through controlled alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural proteins are broken down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical teams.
This double affinity makes it possible for the particles to adsorb effectively at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, minimizing surface stress and supporting bubble formation– a crucial demand for generating uniform mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, pet protein foaming representatives are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and show exceptional compatibility with Portland cement systems due to their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– generally in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam stability, water drainage price, and bubble size, making procedure control throughout hydrolysis necessary for consistent performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When thinned down with water (usually at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the protein remedy forms a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of bigger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller sized ones– by developing a mechanically durable interfacial layer strengthened with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam exhibits high development proportions (generally 15– 25:1) and low drain rates (
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