1. Product Make-up and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bonded core-shell design.
The steel core, normally low-carbon or stainless-steel, gives mechanical toughness with tensile strengths going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper layer– typically 2– 10% of the total size– imparts exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is essential for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to guarantee strong attachment and minimal interdiffusion under operational tensions.
Electroplating is one of the most typical approach, supplying exact thickness control and uniform protection on continual steel filaments drawn through copper sulfate bathrooms.
Correct surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, ensures ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination during succeeding processing or service.
In time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can form breakable iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which might compromise flexibility and long-term integrity– an obstacle mitigated by diffusion barriers or fast handling.
1.2 Physical and Functional Characteristic
CCSFs combine the very best characteristics of both constituent metals: the high flexible modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), relying on finish density and purity, making CCSF dramatically extra conductive than pure steel fibers (
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